# Cross-Union Comparison: Z₁ Coefficient Summary

| Union | Specification | Z₁ Coef | SE | p-value | N | R² |
|:---|:---|---:|---:|---:|---:|---:|
| EMU | EMU: Z+ctrl | -189.75*** | 35.69 | 0.0000 | 447 | 0.242 |
| EMU | EMU: Z only | -192.33*** | 38.98 | 0.0000 | 449 | 0.122 |
| CFA | CFA: Z+ctrl | 126.52*** | 48.72 | 0.0097 | 528 | 0.071 |
| CFA | CFA: Z only | 112.17*** | 36.29 | 0.0021 | 729 | 0.068 |
| ECCU | ECCU: Z+ctrl | -82.94 | 80.37 | 0.3045 | 109 | 0.339 |
| ECCU | ECCU: Z only | -21.30 | 77.06 | 0.7827 | 114 | 0.187 |
| CMA | CMA: Z+ctrl | -89.75 | 103.88 | 0.3891 | 146 | 0.179 |
| CMA | CMA: Z only | -43.28 | 97.28 | 0.6569 | 170 | 0.065 |
| — | All unions | 15.04 | 23.74 | 0.5265 | 1230 | 0.099 |
| — | Non-union | -3.42 | 15.49 | 0.8254 | 4990 | 0.107 |
| — | OECD floaters | -12.03 | 31.55 | 0.7030 | 771 | 0.269 |

*Amplification = union Z₁ coefficient is larger (in absolute value) than non-union benchmark, indicating that eliminating the exchange rate absorber amplifies demographic imbalances.*